Contextual clustering for image labeling: an application to degraded forest assessment in Landsat TM images of the Brazilian Amazon

The Modified Adaptive Pappas Clustering (MPAC) algorithm, recently published in the image processing literature, is proposed as a valuable tool in the analysis of remotely sensed images where texture information is negligible. Owing to its contextual, adaptive, and multiresolutional labeling approach, MPAC preserves genuine but small regions, is easy to use (i.e., it requires minor user interaction to run), and is robust to changes in input parameters. As an application example, an MPAC-based three-stage classifier is applied to degraded forest detection in Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes of the Brazilian Amazon, where intermediate states of forest alterations caused by anthropogenic activities can be characterized by image structures 1–3 pixels wide. In three TM images of the Pará test site, where classification results are validated by means of qualitative and quantitative comparisons with aerial photos, degraded forest areas cover 13% to 45% of the image ground coverage. In the Mato Grosso test site, the degraded forest class overlaps with 1) 10% of the closed-canopy forest detected by the deforestation mapping program of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 1992), and 2) 19% of the closed-canopy forest detected by the Tropical Rain Forest Information Center (TRFIC, 1996). These figures are in line with the conclusions of a recent study where present estimates of annual deforestation for the Brazilian Amazon are speculated to capture less than half of the forest area that is actually impoverished each year.